doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2024.11.013

Abstract

CLC Number:

R743.3

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URL: https://huicui.hebmu.edu.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2024.11.013

https://huicui.hebmu.edu.cn/EN/Y2024/V39/I11/1040

Figures/Tables 1

饮食干预	纳入的研究类型	参与者	研究结果
特定营养素
叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B12^[5]	随机对照试验	既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作( $n$ >100)	未降低卒中复发率
维生素B12^[6]	队列研究	23 119例男性和35 611例女性,年龄40~79岁	与脑卒中复发率无关
叶酸^[7]	队列研究	26 556例男性吸烟者	与脑卒中发病率呈负相关
维生素C^[8]	队列研究	217 454例正常健康者和3 762例脑卒中患者	与脑卒中呈负相关
维生素A、维生素E、维生素C^[9]	随机对照试验	188 209例正常健康者和3 749例脑卒中患者	与降低缺血性脑卒中及心血管事件无相关性
维生素D、Omega-3脂肪酸^[11]	队列研究	成年人群	无相关性
ω-3脂肪酸^[12]	队列研究	平均年龄73岁的老年人,36%男性	与脑卒中呈负相关
钙、镁^[13]	前瞻性研究	平均年龄66岁的老年人	较高的钙、镁摄入量是有益的
盐^[15]	随机对照试验	12 197例平均年龄在23~73岁的成年人	降低氯化钠摄入量可以降低血压
盐^[16]	随机对照试验	20 996例平均年龄大于60岁的成年人(患有高血压)	减少钠摄入量对降低复发性卒中发病率有直接影响
盐(2 645~4 945 mg/d)^[17]	队列研究和随机对照试验	平均年龄65岁以上的老年人(患有高血压)	2 645~4 945 mg/d钠盐摄入不会增加心血管疾病风险
特定食品
鸡蛋^[22]	随机对照试验	糖尿病患者	糖尿病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化风险增加
酒精^[26]	队列研究	年龄为40~75岁的38 156例美国男性	中度和重度饮酒增加了脑卒中发病风险
酒精^[27]	队列研究	19 544例日本男性	大量饮酒(每周>450 g乙醇)显著增加了脑出血的发病风险,轻度酒精的摄入并不会增加脑卒中的发病风险
酒精^[28]	队列研究	美国老年人群	每周喝1~6杯酒(1杯=45 ml,相当于14 g乙醇)对缺血性卒中有适度保护作用
饮料^[30]	前瞻性研究	白种人人群	摄入含糖饮料与卒中发病风险呈正相关
坚果^[31]	队列研究	16 217例年龄30~75岁的糖尿病患者	食用坚果与中风发病率无相关性
坚果^[32]	随机对照试验和队列研究	155 685例正常健康者和5 544个卒中事件	坚果摄入量与卒中无关联
坚果^[34]	前瞻性研究	平均年龄20~50岁的成年人	女性摄入的坚果越多,卒中风险越小
咖啡^[38]	前瞻性研究	年龄在25~65岁的成年人	每天饮用1.5杯咖啡和3杯咖啡,脑卒中发病风险可分别降低11%和20%
茶^[41]	前瞻性研究	成年人	每天喝1~3杯绿茶的人比每天喝<1杯绿茶的人卒中风险下降36%
特定食品
肉类^[43]	队列研究	成年糖尿病患者(平均年龄59岁)	肉类摄入量(最少为每天10 g,最多为每天98 g)与卒中发病率无相关性
鱼类^[44]	前瞻性队列研究	平均年龄在64岁的患有糖尿病的人群	每周增加摄入3份或3份以上的鱼,卒中发病率减少了6%
鱼类^[45]	队列研究	美国1 136例糖尿病成年人	鱼摄入量每周超过两份,可使卒中病死率降低70%
谷物^[47]	前瞻性研究	208 143例正常健康者	全谷物摄入可降低卒中事件发生率
谷物^[48]	前瞻性研究	410 821例正常健康者和8 284例卒中事件	精制谷物摄入量与卒中风险无关
饮食模式
低脂饮食^[50]	病例对照研究	1 656例存在心血管疾病的女性,19 984例存在高血压病的女性	两组卒中风险差异无统计学意义
低脂饮食^[51]	队列研究	50 952例健康成年人	限制饱和脂肪酸的摄入并未改善脑卒中发病风险
地中海式饮食^[52]	随机对照试验	7 447例患心血管疾病的男性和女性(平均年龄67岁)	地中海饮食辅以坚果降低了卒中发病次数
地中海式饮食^[54]	队列研究	79 287例接受地中海风格饮食的成年糖尿病人群	脑卒中的风险降低了20%
预防高血压的饮食^[57]	随机对照试验	1 730例平均年龄在24~71岁的患有高血压或高血压前期的成年人	同时降低收缩压和舒张压的最有效饮食
植物性饮食^[58]	前瞻性队列研究	患有高血压、糖尿病的成年人	增加水果和蔬菜的消费可减少脑卒中发病风险

饮食干预	纳入的研究类型	参与者	研究结果
特定营养素
叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B12^[5]	随机对照试验	既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作( $n$ >100)	未降低卒中复发率
维生素B12^[6]	队列研究	23 119例男性和35 611例女性,年龄40~79岁	与脑卒中复发率无关
叶酸^[7]	队列研究	26 556例男性吸烟者	与脑卒中发病率呈负相关
维生素C^[8]	队列研究	217 454例正常健康者和3 762例脑卒中患者	与脑卒中呈负相关
维生素A、维生素E、维生素C^[9]	随机对照试验	188 209例正常健康者和3 749例脑卒中患者	与降低缺血性脑卒中及心血管事件无相关性
维生素D、Omega-3脂肪酸^[11]	队列研究	成年人群	无相关性
ω-3脂肪酸^[12]	队列研究	平均年龄73岁的老年人,36%男性	与脑卒中呈负相关
钙、镁^[13]	前瞻性研究	平均年龄66岁的老年人	较高的钙、镁摄入量是有益的
盐^[15]	随机对照试验	12 197例平均年龄在23~73岁的成年人	降低氯化钠摄入量可以降低血压
盐^[16]	随机对照试验	20 996例平均年龄大于60岁的成年人(患有高血压)	减少钠摄入量对降低复发性卒中发病率有直接影响
盐(2 645~4 945 mg/d)^[17]	队列研究和随机对照试验	平均年龄65岁以上的老年人(患有高血压)	2 645~4 945 mg/d钠盐摄入不会增加心血管疾病风险
特定食品
鸡蛋^[22]	随机对照试验	糖尿病患者	糖尿病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化风险增加
酒精^[26]	队列研究	年龄为40~75岁的38 156例美国男性	中度和重度饮酒增加了脑卒中发病风险
酒精^[27]	队列研究	19 544例日本男性	大量饮酒(每周>450 g乙醇)显著增加了脑出血的发病风险,轻度酒精的摄入并不会增加脑卒中的发病风险
酒精^[28]	队列研究	美国老年人群	每周喝1~6杯酒(1杯=45 ml,相当于14 g乙醇)对缺血性卒中有适度保护作用
饮料^[30]	前瞻性研究	白种人人群	摄入含糖饮料与卒中发病风险呈正相关
坚果^[31]	队列研究	16 217例年龄30~75岁的糖尿病患者	食用坚果与中风发病率无相关性
坚果^[32]	随机对照试验和队列研究	155 685例正常健康者和5 544个卒中事件	坚果摄入量与卒中无关联
坚果^[34]	前瞻性研究	平均年龄20~50岁的成年人	女性摄入的坚果越多,卒中风险越小
咖啡^[38]	前瞻性研究	年龄在25~65岁的成年人	每天饮用1.5杯咖啡和3杯咖啡,脑卒中发病风险可分别降低11%和20%
茶^[41]	前瞻性研究	成年人	每天喝1~3杯绿茶的人比每天喝<1杯绿茶的人卒中风险下降36%
特定食品
肉类^[43]	队列研究	成年糖尿病患者(平均年龄59岁)	肉类摄入量(最少为每天10 g,最多为每天98 g)与卒中发病率无相关性
鱼类^[44]	前瞻性队列研究	平均年龄在64岁的患有糖尿病的人群	每周增加摄入3份或3份以上的鱼,卒中发病率减少了6%
鱼类^[45]	队列研究	美国1 136例糖尿病成年人	鱼摄入量每周超过两份,可使卒中病死率降低70%
谷物^[47]	前瞻性研究	208 143例正常健康者	全谷物摄入可降低卒中事件发生率
谷物^[48]	前瞻性研究	410 821例正常健康者和8 284例卒中事件	精制谷物摄入量与卒中风险无关
饮食模式
低脂饮食^[50]	病例对照研究	1 656例存在心血管疾病的女性,19 984例存在高血压病的女性	两组卒中风险差异无统计学意义
低脂饮食^[51]	队列研究	50 952例健康成年人	限制饱和脂肪酸的摄入并未改善脑卒中发病风险
地中海式饮食^[52]	随机对照试验	7 447例患心血管疾病的男性和女性(平均年龄67岁)	地中海饮食辅以坚果降低了卒中发病次数
地中海式饮食^[54]	队列研究	79 287例接受地中海风格饮食的成年糖尿病人群	脑卒中的风险降低了20%
预防高血压的饮食^[57]	随机对照试验	1 730例平均年龄在24~71岁的患有高血压或高血压前期的成年人	同时降低收缩压和舒张压的最有效饮食
植物性饮食^[58]	前瞻性队列研究	患有高血压、糖尿病的成年人	增加水果和蔬菜的消费可减少脑卒中发病风险

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