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Table of Content

    05 March 2016, Volume 31 Issue 3
    Correct diagnosis and standardized treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism
    Feng Jue
    2016, 31(3):  233-236.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.001
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    Graves' disease is a clinical common and frequently-occurring disease, the correct diagnosis, differential diagnosis and standardized treatment of the disease directly relate to curative effect.Now widely accepted the three kinds of treatment,oral medicine treatment, nuclear medicine radioactive iodine 131 treatment and surgical treatment have their advantages and disadvantages, how to correctly diagnose the disease, select effective and standardized treatment are particularly important.The author expounded from four aspects: ①Graves' disease correct diagnosis and differential diagnosis; ②Value of thyroid scintigraphy imaging;③Graves' disease standardized treatment;④ Graves' disease treatment progress.
    Progress in diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hyperthyroidism
    Zhang Lihui, Yuan Lingling
    2016, 31(3):  237-240.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.002
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    Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SH) is diagnosed in patients having a persistently low or undetectable serum concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine concentrations, with or without minor symptoms of hyperthyroidism. With the development of the determination method of TSH, the detection rate of SH was increased significantly. Most of the patients with SH can be spontaneous remission without treatment, but there are still some patients to have progress for clinical hyperthyroidism. SH is associated with some serious complications, such as the negative effects on cardiovascular system, osteoporosis, fratures, senile dementia, and so on. It has an important clinical significance to treat SH precisely.
    Diagnosis and treatment in Graves’ ophthalmopathy
    Lu Xiaowei, Zhou Hong
    2016, 31(3):  241-245.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.003
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    Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) is the most common manifestation outside thyroid. The pathogenesis of GO mainly involves in genetic, environmental elements and autoimmune disorder. The clinical features of GO are complicated and various. Only accurately evaluating its activity and severity, effective treatments are chosen. Currently, glucocorticoid treatment and orbital radiotherapy are generally indicated for moderate-to-severe GO. A few of new therapies are under investigation and hold promise for the future.
    Pathogenesis and treatment of patients with Graves disease presenting with leucopenia or agranulocytosis
    Zhang Rongjin,Hao Yongmei
    2016, 31(3):  246-249.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.004
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    Graves disease is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Leucopenia or agranulocytosis can be coexistent with Graves' disease in some patients.It can be seen in patients before treatment and after anti-thyroid medication. This phenomenon is often delayed in clinical diagnosis and treatment,which sometimes causes serious infections and makes the disease worse. According to the research progress in the recent years, including the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment about the desease, the authors aim to show early discovery and timely treatment in patients with Graves’ disease presenting with leucopenia or agranulocytosis.
    Thyroid hormone and cardiovascular diseases
    Zhao Zhansheng
    2016, 31(3):  250-253.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.005
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    Thyroid hormones exert broad effects on cardiovascular system. Either thyroid hormone excesses and deficiencies, are expected to result in related disorders in cardiac function. Subclinical thyroid diseases also can be closely associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disorders and mortality.
    Recent progress in treatment of anti-thyroid drugs on pregnant women with hyperthyroidism
    Li Hui,Li Jing
    2016, 31(3):  254-257.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.006
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    Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, especially overt hyperthyroidism can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes, including eclampsia, abortion, preterm birth,gestational diabetes and fetal intrauterine growth restriction, which is a serious threat to the mother and fetus' health. Anti-thyroid drug (ATD) is the first line of choice for those patients, but recent studies found methimazole and propylthiouracil have teratogenic effects. Moreover, they are possible to cause liver function failure and other serious adverse effects, but the degree is different. Therefore, it is very important to appropriately use ATD to protect the health of mother and fetus, especially to restrict the use in the first trimester of pregnancy (6-10 weeks).
    Influence of pregnancy hyperthyroidism on offspring brain development
    Liu Zhihong,Wang Ruiying
    2016, 31(3):  258-261.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.007
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    Thyroid hormone (TH) is the key to brain development. Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy can lead to the change of brain tissue and the cell structure. This review illustrates the adverse effect of thyroid hormone on fetal brain development from hyperthyroidism and mechanism of pregnant physiology and thyroid hormone. The conclusion was that hyperthyroidism during pregnancy may affect fetal brain development and needs active treatment.
    Adult’s hypothyroidism: progress in diagnosis and treatment
    Meng Fengling
    2016, 31(3):  262-267.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.008
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    Hypothyroidism is a common disease in endocrinology, clinical hypothyroidism requires active treatment, under certain circumstances, subclinical hypothyroidism also needs intervention. Replacement therapy of levothyroxine sodium is a major countermeasure,while certaindrugs and foods may affect its absorption or use, taking method should have more attention. As the new treatment is constantly exploring,with the accumulation of evidence-based medicine, clinical treatment method will be improved gradually.
    Diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy
    Zhang Songyun
    2016, 31(3):  268-271.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.009
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    Subclinical hypothyroidism(SCH) is defined as elevated serum thyrotropin (TSH) level with a normal serum-free thyroxine (FT4) level.Gestational age-specific criteria should be used for the diagnosis of SCH. Pregnant women with SCH,especialy those with higher thyroid autoantibody levels, have increased risks of adverse maternal outcomes, perinatal complications and their offsprings have increased risks of mental and physical disorders. Routine maternal thyroid function tests including FT4,TSH and TPOAb are necessary to improve maternal and perinatal outcomes. The best time for the screening is within eight weeks of pregnancy. Women with SCH whether before or during pregnancy should be treated with oral levothyroxine. TSH levels should be maintained within pregnancy specific reference range. Adequate iodine supplementation during pregnancy is critical and if feasible it should be initiated before the woman attempts to conceive. The extra 150 μg daily supplement is recommended and potassium iodide is the best choice.
    Iodine nutritional status and thyroid disease
    Wang Mian
    2016, 31(3):  272-276.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.010
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    Iodine is an essential micronutrient which is a component of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency causes thyroid disorder in adults such as goiter, nodular, hyperthyroidism, but impairs cognition and growth development in fetus and child. Universal salt iodization (USI) has been introduced in many countries, the relationship of iodine excess and thyroid diseases such as autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism is becoming more and more attention. Iodine deficiency and iodine excess can cause thyroid disease, therefore, sufficient iodine intake is important for thyroid.
    Diagnosis and treatment of thyroiditis
    Ning Cuili,Wu Mengshui,Liu Kuanzhi
    2016, 31(3):  277-281.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.011
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    Thyroiditis is a heterogeneous disease involving the thyroid.Its type and classification in many ways,but subacute thyroiditis and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis are most frequently seen clinically. Subacute thyroiditis is caused by virus infection and pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is autoimmune.The review discusses about clinical manifestations,diagnosis,treatment,and some progresses of thyroiditis in order to provide references for physicians in diagnosis and therapy of thyroiditis.
    Current status and progress of diagnosis and treatment in thyroid disease
    Liao Haiying, Zhu Peiling, Zhang Kaili, Hu Zhigang
    2016, 31(3):  282-285.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.012
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    The detection rate of thyroid nodule is increasing year by year.The first problem is to clear and identify its evil nature,and corresponding treatment methods have been standardized, improved and innovated.The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer is increasing. The indications for surgery to master standardized operation, the nano-carbon parathyroid negative imaging techniques and applications to detect recurrent laryngeal nerve injury become the focus to protect the parathyroid gland and reduce the laryngeal recurrent nerve injury. In addition, some targeted drugs treatment for advanced thyroid cancer are also continuing to explore and research.
    Advances in differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules using high-resolution ultrasound
    Dan Haijun
    2016, 31(3):  286-288.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.013
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    Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine tumor without symptom, and the progress is good if having early diagnosis and treatment. Based on the anatomy of the thyroid gland, the high-resolution ultrasound is a more valuable means to differentially diagnoze thyroid nodles than other imaging examination. This review is to introduce the main ultrasounds testing methods in thyroid gland and the ultrasound feature of thyroid nodules.
    Thyroid function tests and normal reference intervals in normal pregnant women of Shijiazhuang area
    Liu Wen, Yin Xin, Wang Mian, Zhang Jiefang, He Hongmei, Cao Yanmin
    2016, 31(3):  289-292.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.014
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    Objective To establish the gestational month-specific reference intervals (the first trimester of pregnancy, the second trimester of pregnancy, the third trimester of pregnancy) for free triiodothyronine(FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)in women in Shijiazhuang area.Methods A total of 412 women in pregnancy based on enrollment guidelines were selected as experimental group. Another 123 normal women without pregnancy served as control group. According to the different periods of pregnancy, 412 pregnant women were sub grouped. Taking 2 ml venous blood from everyone after the physical examination on the next day stored in the procoagulant for centralized testing. Serum samples were used to measure free FT3, FT4 and TSH. All the data were processed for statistical analysis.Results The reference range of FT3 during pregnancy in the trimester, middle and late stage respectively were 3.39-5.97 pmol/L,3.39-5.14 pmol/L,2.91-5.03 pmol/L; The reference range of FT4 during pregnancy in the trimester, middle and late stage respectively were 12.72-18.15 pmol/L,8.81-17.15 pmol/L,6.65-16.82 pmol/L; The reference range of TSH during pregnancy in the trimester, middle and late stage respectively were 1.24-2.46 mU/L,1.46-3.13 mU/L,1.75-3.47 mU/L. According to the standard, the gestational hypothyroidism prevalence rate was 0.5% of the reference values and subclinical hypothyroidism prevalence rate 3.6%, simple hypothyroxinemia prevalence 2.0%, TPOAb positive rate 6.8%.Conclusion The normal range defined in thyroid hormones by the methods for pregnant women in Shijiazhuang area benefits the abnormal disease diagnosis and treatment of thyroid in pregnancy.
    Effects of levothyroxine sodium on perinatal outcome women during early trimester of pregnancy with subclinical hypothyroidism and TPoAb-negative
    Zhang Jiefang,Li Yuan,Cao Yanmin,Liu Dongli,Ma Min,Xu Hong,Zhao Baojing
    2016, 31(3):  293-295.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.015
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    Objective To investigate the effects of levothyroxine sodium on perinatal outcome women during early trimester of pregnancy with subclinical hypothyroidism and TPoAb-negative.Methods One thousand one hundred and forty patients during early trimester of pregnancy with subclinical hypothyroidism and TPoAb-negative were enrolled. All the patients were divided into control group (n=570) and levothyroxine sodium group (n=570) randomly. Patients in levothyroxine sodium group were given levothyroxine sodium treatment,rate of premature delivery, pregnancy induced hypertension, abortion, anaemia and neonatal body mass were observed.Results Rate of premature delivery,pregnancy induced hypertension, abortion and anaemia in control group were higher than those in levothyroxine sodium group (P<0.05).The rate of spontaneous delivery, hemoglobin and neonatal body mass in control group were lower than those in levothyroxine sodium group (P<0.05). The dosage of L-T4 was positively correlated with the TSH level in levothyroxine sodium group (r=0.763,P<0.05).Conclusion Levothyroxine sodium can improve the pregnancy outcome in the patients during early trimester of pregnancy with subclinical hypothyroidism and TPoAb-negative.
    Differential diagnosis of small solid thyroid nodules using ultrasound elastography
    Dan Haijun, Zhang Zuoyang, Wu Yue’e, Chen Zan, Zhai Shumei
    2016, 31(3):  296-298.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.016
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    Objective To explore the differential diagnostic value of real-time ultrasound elastography (USE) on single solid thyroid nodules (≤15 mm in maximum diameter) which are difficult to diagnose with conventional ultrasound.Methods A total of 82 patients with small single solid thyroid nodules were performed with two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound. Each patient was then examined by real-time USE, and the findings on elastography were classified into grade Ⅰ-Ⅴ. Ultrasonographic results were compared with histopathologic data.Results Twelve patients were found with benign lesion ranging from grade Ⅰ to Ⅱ, thirteen patients were found with grade Ⅲ (5 benign and 8 carcinoma); fifty-seven patients were found with grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ (3 benign and 54 carcinoma). Small solid thyroid nodules with grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ were diagnosed as thyroid cancer with the specificity 85.0%, sensitivity 87.1%, and accuracy 86.6%. The positive and negative predictive values were 94.7% and 68.0%.Conclusion Real-time USE seems to have great value for differential diagnosis of small single solid thyroid nodules ≤15 mm in maximum diameter than conventional ultrasound.
    Association of fibroblast growth factor 23 with renal function and calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease
    Zhu Yinghui,Li Guogang
    2016, 31(3):  299-302.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.017
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    Objective To investigate the change of fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF-23) in patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease(CKD); To analyze the association of FGF-23 with renal function and calcium-phosphorus metabolism.Methods A total of 124 CKD patients were selected, and 32 healthy people were studied as control group. The levels of FGF-23, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH),blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and serum creatinine(SCr) were measured in all subjects. The glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) was estimated according to CKD-EPI formula. The association of FGF-23 with renal function and calcium-phosphorus metabolism were analyzed.Results The serum FGF-23 in CKD patients increased more significantly than that in control group(P<0.01). The levels of serum FGF-23 and iPTH increased gradually with the decline of renal function. There were significant difference in FGF-23 and iPTH between CKD3-4 stages and control group (all P<0.01). The levels of serum FGF-23 and iPTH in CKD 5 stage increased more significantly than those in control group,CKD1-2 stages and CKD3-4 stages. With the decline of renal function,the level of serum calcium reduced gradually in CKD patients, serum phosphorus increased gradually in CKD patients. There were significant difference in serum calcium, serum phosphorus between CKD5 stage and control group,CKD1-2 stages,CKD3-4 stages (all P<0.01).The correlations showed that LogFGF-23 was positively correlated with serum phosphorus, LogiPTH, BUN and SCr.FGF-23 was negatively correlated with eGFR. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that FGF-23 was positively correlated with BUN and SCr.Conclusion Serum FGF-23 increases significantly in CKD3-4 stages. FGF-23 increases earlier than serum phosphorus. FGF-23 is correlated significantly with renal function, serum phosphorus and iPTH. Renal function is an independent influence factor for FGF-23 increase in CKD patients.
    Clinical study on exenatide treatment of obese type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Li Yajuan, Zhao Ruofei, Li Hong, Dai Qiang
    2016, 31(3):  303-306.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.018
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    Objective This paper focuses on the effect and safety evaluation of the therapy of exenatide for obese T2DM patients in the control of blood glucose, improvement of pancreatic beta cell function, alleviation of insulin resistance, evaluation of the incidence of adverse events and other aspects of efficacy and safety.Methods In this study, 60 cases of obese T2DM patients with undesirable blood glucose control results from oral administration of hypoglycemic agents were selected. Patients were randomly divided into exenatide group (n=30) and insulin aspart 30 group (n=30). Subcutaneous injection 5 μg exenatide twice a day was applied to the exenatide group, dosage was increased to 10 μg after one month; Subcutaneous injection of insulin aspart 30 twice a day was applied to the insulin aspart 30 group, initial dosages depending on the blood glucose level of patient. All injections were applied before meals with dosages adjusted every 1 or 2 days. Observing period lasted for 12 weeks. Information of patients in both groups before and after therapy were observed and recorded, such as general information, blood glucose, islet function, blood fat, insulin resistance index and also occurrence of adverse drug reaction and low glucose to determine its efficacy and safety.Results Blood glucose, body mass index, blood fat, insulin resistance index, the index of islet function in the exenatide group improved significantly better than insulin aspart 30 group(P<0.05),without hypoglycemia, and there were only slight gastrointestinal adverse reactions.Conclusion For obese patients with type 2 diabetes, the treatment effect is obviously better than insulin aspart 30, exenatide is one of the better alternative options than insulin aspart 30.
    Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker on right ventricular structure and function in transposition of great arteries with intra-atrial baffle: a meta-analysis
    Chen Junhui, Su Peng, Liu Shurao, Gao Xia,Song Pan, Yang Jianping
    2016, 31(3):  307-314.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.019
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    Objective To evaluate and analyze the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonist on right ventricular structure and function in transposition of the great arteries with intra-atrial baffle.Methods A comprehensive search was conducted up until 2015 in the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Database. Studies assessing the multi-center, randomized, controlled, double-blind trials (RCT) of the right ventricular structure and function in transposition of the great arteries with intra-atrial baffle treated with angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonist or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor were included. The articles in reference lists were also reviewed. Four reviewers screened literature, extracted data, and assessed quality of included studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, independently. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.2 software and CONSORT statement was applicated to comprehensively evaluate the report quality included in RCT literature.Results A total of 8 studies were finally included involving 3 randomized controlled trials, 4 randomized crossover trials, 1 controlled trial and in total 225 patients. Meta analysis showed that, there was no significant difference in right ventrieular ejection fraction (RVEF) compared with the placebo (MD=-0.69, 95%CI=-16.55-5.75,P=0.64), right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV) (MD=0.67, 95%CI=-29.68-31.02,P=0.97), right ventricular end-systolic volume (RVESV) (MD=2.28, 95%CI=-17.77-22.33,P=0.82), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD=-2.92, 95%CI=-7.92-2.08,P=0.25), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (MD=-0.14, 95%CI=-1.85-1.58,P=0.88), serum potassium (MD=0.11, 95%CI=-0.01-0.24,P=0.07), creatinine(Cr) (MD=0.87,95%CI=-4.25-5.98,P=0.74), heart rate (HR) (MD=-1.26, 95%CI=-3.06-0.54,P=0.17) or HRmax (MD=-3.35, 95%CI=-12.95-6.25,P=0.49) between ACEI or ARB.Conclusion Current evidence demonstrated that there were no significant difference in RVEF, RVEDV, RVESV, VO2max, HR, HRmax, serum potassium and Cr in transposition of the great arteries with intra-atrial baffle treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonist compared with placebo. There was significant difference in reducing the incidence of adverse cardiac events,however there were no significance in adverse reactions and higher safety.
    Association between mild cognitive impairment and apolipoprotein E genetic polymorphism in Chinese population: a meta-analysis
    Zhang Jie, Zhou Xiaohui, Luo Kun
    2016, 31(3):  315-321.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.020
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    Objective To review systematically the correlation between genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Chinese population.Methods A comprehensive search was conducted up between Jan 2005 and Mar 2015 in the following databases: PubMed, WanFang Database, VIP database, CNKI and Chinese biomedical literature database. The literature of correlation between genetic polymorphism of ApoE and mild cognitive impairment in Chinese population were collected. RevMan 5.0 was adopted for investigating heterogeneity among individual studies and for summarizing all the studies.Results There were totally 11 case-controlled studies including 1 416 patients with MCI and 1 183 control people. The meta-analysis showed that individuals with ApoE ε4 alleles and ε4/4, ε3/4, ε2/4 genotypes were significantly associated with the risk of MCI. Compared with genotype ε3/3, the MCI risk increased by 2.86 times in population with genotype ε4/4 (OR=2.86,95%CI=1.67-4.90,P<0.001); the MCI increased by 2.01 times in population with genotype ε3/4(OR=2.01,95%CI=1.70-2.38,P<0.001); the MCI risk increased by 1.71 times in t population with genotype ε2/4(OR=1.75,95%CI=1.21-2.53,P<0.001); Compared with genotype ε3, the MCI risk increased by 2.06 times (OR=2.06, 95%CI=1.69-2.51,P<0.001). The susceptibility to MCI in ApoE ε2/3 genotype was significantly decreased(ε2/3 vs ε3/3: OR=0.80, 95%CI=0.66-0.97,P=0.02). There were no significant difference between ApoE ε2/2 genotype, ε2 alleles and the onset risk of MCI.Conclusion ApoE ε4 alleles is related to the onset of MCI in Chinese population, ApoE ε3 alleles may be the protective gene of MCI and ApoE ε2 alleles shows no correlation with the onset of MCI.
    Interpretation of European Association for study of liver recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2015
    Luo Yuxin, Yin Fengrong, Zhang Xiaolan
    2016, 31(3):  322-324.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.021
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    In April 2015, European Association for the study of the liver (EASL) guidelines for hepatitis C treatment was published on the Journal of Hepatology. The progress of hepatitis C treatment and medication was updated on the basis of 2014 guidelines, providing more comprehensive and updated evidences for normative diagnosis and treatment for medical personnel. This paper will focus on diagnosis, screening, indications and contraindications, drugs, treatment plans and follow-up, the aim is to make the phycisians learning about the recent advances.
    Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis:rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management
    Guo Xianli,Song Ning,Liu Yue,Yuan Shengfang,Jia Weihua
    2016, 31(3):  325-331.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.022
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    Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is an uncommon lung infection disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus. The duration of CPA is usually more than 3 months. CPA is often secondary to other respiratory diseases, such as tuberculosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and sarcoidosis, et al. If not active treatment, 5 years of mortality will be high (75%-80%). Therefore, it is necessary for clinicians to comprehensively improve the understanding of CPA, in order to confirm the diagnosis and give appropriate treatment as soon as possible, eventually to decrease the mortality rate. In recent years, with the gradual increase in the number of CPA patients, the clinicians' understanding of the disease is more and more improved, the research results of CPA diagnosis and treatment are increasing day by day. Recently, an expert group from the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), and from the European Respiratory Society (ERS) summarized the results of preliminary research on CPA, and released a rationale and clinical guideline for diagnosis and management of CPA. This guideline covers the definition, clinical classification, laboratory examination, imaging examination, diagnostic criteria, treatment, follow-up of CPA and etc. This article is an interpretion of the newest guideline, aims to learn and share the latest achievements in the field of CPA, ultimately to direct clinical management.