Diagnosis and treatment in Graves’ ophthalmopathy

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.003

Abstract

Abstract: Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) is the most common manifestation outside thyroid. The pathogenesis of GO mainly involves in genetic, environmental elements and autoimmune disorder. The clinical features of GO are complicated and various. Only accurately evaluating its activity and severity, effective treatments are chosen. Currently, glucocorticoid treatment and orbital radiotherapy are generally indicated for moderate-to-severe GO. A few of new therapies are under investigation and hold promise for the future.

Key words: hyperthyroidism, diagnosis, glucocorticoids, radiotherapy, ophthalmologic surgical procedure

CLC Number:

R581.1

Lu Xiaowei, Zhou Hong. Diagnosis and treatment in Graves’ ophthalmopathy[J]. Clinical Focus, 2016, 31(3): 241-245.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://huicui.hebmu.edu.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2016.03.003

https://huicui.hebmu.edu.cn/EN/Y2016/V31/I3/241

References

[1] Lytton SD, Ponto KA, Kanitz M, et al. A novel thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin bioassay is a functional indicator of activity and severity of Graves’ orbitopathy[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010,95(5):2123-2131.
[2] Tsui S, Naik V, Hoa N, et al. Evidence for an association between thyroid-stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors: a tale of two antigens implicated in Graves’ disease[J]. J Immunol,2008,181(6):4397-4405.
[3] Kaspar M, Archibald C, De BA, et al. Eye muscle antibodies and subtype of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy[J]. Thyroid,2002,12(3):187-191.
[4] Ohkura T, Taniguchi S, Yamada K, et al. Detection of the novel autoantibody (anti-UACA antibody) in patients with Graves’ disease[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2004,321(2):432-440.
[5] Trisk F, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, et al. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or iodine-131[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2009,94(10):3700-3707.
[6] Daroszewski J,Pawlak E,Karabon L,et al. Soluble CTLA-4 receptor an immunological marker of Graves' disease and severity of ophthalmopathy is associated with CTLA-4 Jo31 and CT60 gene polymorphisms[J]. Eur J Endocrinol,2009,161(5):787-793.
[7] Khalilzadeh O,Anvari M,Esteghamati A,et al. Genetic susceptibility to Graves' ophthalmopathy: the role of polymorphisms in anti-inflammatory cytokine genes[J]. Ophthalmic Gene,2010,31(4):215-220.
[8] Kahaly GJ. Imaging in thyroid-associated orbitopathy[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2001,145(2):107-118.
[9] Ajjan RA, Weetman AP. New understanding of the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthnopathy[J]. Endocrinol Invest,2004,27(3):237-245.
[10] Smith TJ. Orbital fibroblasts exhibit a novel pattern of responses to proinflammatory cytokines: potential basis for the pathogenesis of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy[J]. Thyriod, 2001,12(3):197-203.
[11] Weber KJ, Solorzano CC, Lee JK,et al. Thyroidectomy remains an effective treatment option for Graves’disease[J]. Am J Surg, 2006,191(3): 400-405.
[12] Wiersinga WM.Management of Graves' ophthalmopathy[J]. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab, 2007,3(5):396-404.
[13] Kahaly GJ, Rosler HP, Pitz S,et al. Low-versus high-dose radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy: a randomized, single blind trial[J]. Clin Endocrinol Metab,2000,85(1):102-108.
[14] Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Tanda ML, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness and tolerability of intravenous or oral glucocorticoids associated with orbital radiotherapy in the management of severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy: results of a prospective, single-blind, randomized study[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001,86(8):3562-3567.
[15] Tsujino K, Hirota S, Hagiwara M,et al. Clinical outcomes of orbital irradiation combined with or without systemic high-dose or pulsed corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2000,48(3):857-864.
[16] Krassas GE, Gogakos A, Boboridis K. Corticosteroids in the medical treatment of thyroid ophthalmopathy: when and how Somatostatin analogues: where we stand today[J]. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, 2010,7( Suppl 2):204-209.
[17] Stan MN, Garrity JA, Bradley EA, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of long-acting release octreotide for treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006,91(12):4817-4824.
[18] Krassas GE, Gogakos A. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in juvenile Graves' disease--clinical, endocrine and therapeutic aspects[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2006,19(10):1193-1206.
[19] Madaschi S, Rossini A, Formenti I, et al. Treatment of thyroid-associated orbitopathy with rituximab--a novel therapy for an old disease: case report and literature review[J]. Endocr Pract, 2010,16(4):677-685.
[20] Lee S, Tsirbas A, Goldberg RA, et al. Thiazolidinedione induced thyroid associated orbitopathy[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2007,7:8.
[21] 黄艳,谭兴善. 云克与糖皮质激素治疗 Graves’眼病的临床分析[J]. 医学理论与实践, 2008,21(4):448-449.