Abstract:

Heart failure (HF) is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and endstage renal disease (ESRD) and is strongly associated with mortality in these patients. However， the treatment of HF in patients with CKD is unclear， as there is very little strong evidence to support any recommendations. Guidelines for the management of HF in the general population may not apply entirely to those with CKD， since such patients，particularly those with severe renal impairment， were quite often excluded from most of RCTs that served as a rationale for these guidelines.

Key words: heart failure, conjestive, kidney disease